Dottore
Gianni would like to begin with a confession. After all, it’s Lent, Holy Week in
fact – time to unburden himself!
So
he begins:
Bless
me father, I have sinned. It’s been 32 years (give or take five years or so)
since my last confession:
I
disobeyed my parents 4 times.
I
lied 5 times.
I
had impure thoughts 10,587 times (give or take 10,000 or so)
I
went to a concert of the Greenville Symphony Orchestra’s large chamber ensemble
a few weeks ago and did NOT write a blog post about it.
For
these and any other sins I may have forgotten, please forgive me.
There!
It’s off Dottore Gianni’s chest! Whew! For the record, even though he was not
instructed to, he made a good act of contrition afterward and also said three
Our Fathers and Three Hail Maries. He did NOT attempt The Apostle’s Creed, as
one unforgiving priest rudely assigned him for penance at some point when the
good doctor was in sixth grade!
So
yes, I missed writing about a concert of the GSO. It was called Twentieth
Century Jewels and was given the day after I returned to Greenville from a week
in New York City, about which I DID blog. As those of you who read that post
can tell the writing was labored, but at least it took forever for the words to
come. And by the time I finally finished that writing I had pretty much forgot
what I was going to say about the concert. I do remember that while I enjoyed
it, it was not my favorite, in fact was probably my least favorite, which could
also have something to do with the absence of a blog post. For the record
(again) it consisted of music by Igor Stravinsky (Suite No. 2 for Small
Orchestra), Gian Carlo Menotti (Sebastian Suite), Aaron Copland (Clarinet
Concerto) and Alberto Ginastera (Estancia: Four Dances, Op. 8a).
I
regret not writing about it primarily for two reasons:
ONE…because
I was going to quote a favorite lyric of mine from Menotti’s Amahl and the Night Visitors: “Don’t you
dare, don’t you dare, don’t you dare ugly man hurt my mother!” Which of course
has nothing to do with the Menotti was played at the concert…but it brings back
pleasant memories of my own mother, and not so pleasant ones of my father.
and
TWO…because Copland’s concerto was commissioned by none other than the king of
swing, Benny Goodman!
I
was also going to incorporate a story I saw recently on BBC News, about the
dark past of the Vienna Philharmonic. It seems that many of their members
before and during World War II were active and enthusiastic members of the Nazi
party. As I remember some were banished from the orchestra just after the war,
but several were returned to it shortly thereafter, including an SS officer,
who was for many years its concertmaster. tsk, tsk.
So
instead I just incorporated it here!
Actually
I was also going to riff on the very MALE nature of that orchestra, to this
day. I saw them once in person and don’t remember seeing a single woman in the
orchestra – more recently, at what I can stomach of the annual Strauss Waltzes
done at New Year’s I have noted a very few women interspersed. The first such
was a harp player (harpist? harpie? I’m sure that’s how some of her fellow
musicians regarded her).
And again I did just now!
BUT!
On to the concert I saw yesterday and am blogging on today!
Billed
as “Mostly Mozart” this is one Dottore Gianni has been looking forward to all
year, as he is an aficionado of that great composer. And it was mostly Mozart,
consisting of two overtures, that of The
Abduction from the Seraglio, which opened the concert, also that of Don Giovanni, which opened the second
half of the concert, and one of his finest Symphonies, No. 38, known as The
Prague Symphony. The final piece of music was by the great twentieth century
Russian composer, Dmitri Shostakovich – his Symphony No. 9 to be
specific, quite a contrast to Mozart one would think, and one would think
rightly.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
Mozart
I have covered in part earlier in this series of symphony posts,
though I
really didn’t say all that much about him, as he is so well known. In fact
today, while I want to write about a composer I so admire, I think I will cover
the disconnect between the composer most people know from the play and film Amadeus and the real-life young musical
genius who died too soon. Later I want to show that there are similarities
between Mozart and Shostakovich – not musically (as how would the good doctor
know that anyway?) but in some of the life challenges they faced.
First
I’ll say that Peter Shaffer was not completely inaccurate in his tale of the
young genius, loved by God (Ama-deus) and his rival, the well-trained but
comparatively bland and academic composer Antonio Salieri.
Certainly Italians
were sought after in all the courts of Europe, not only as composers and
musicians but as architects, designers, painters and so on. Italy was the
cultural center and the rest of Europe attempted to emulate it. The easiest way
to do this was to buy Italian talent for courts at Paris, Vienna, and others as
far afield as St Petersburg in distant Russia. Imagine if you wanted to write
an opera whose libretto would be in your native language (in Mozart’s case
German) but the only operas allowed to be performed had to be in written in the
Italian language and composed in the Italian style. Mozart mastered it easily,
but still it must have been frustrating, and it is true that letters were
written by Mozart and his father concerning the Italian “cabal” with Salieri at
its head, and how the Italians in general and Salieri were blocking Mozart’s
progress in Vienna. But while they were rivals Mozart and Salieri respected
each other and even worked together on occasion. Furthermore, even the young
real-life genius Mozart would not have been allowed the hee-hawing shenanigans
and fart jokes of Mozart as envisioned by Shaffer, and the business of Salieri
poisoning Mozart has no basis in fact.
Another Germanophile, Carl Maria von
Weber, who was characterized as the “most German of German composers” may well
have been responsible for starting rumors about the poisoning, and not long after
Salieri’s death the great Russian Romantic poet Alexander Pushkin wrote his
“little tragedy” Mozart and Salieri,
a study in jealousy in which the envious Salieri poisons Mozart. Russian
composer Rimsky-Korsakov then wrote a short opera based upon Pushkin’s poetic
drama, which was first performed by the excellent Russian actor/singer Fyodor
Chaliapin. It is from Pushkin’s tale that the clever Peter Shaffer took his
cue.
Antonio Salieri |
Chaliapin (right) as Salieri in the operatic version of Mozart and Salieri |
One
more note and I’ll move on. The world knows the film version of Amadeus, but it was re-written
extensively by Shaffer and directed brilliantly by Milos Forman. While the film
is a beautiful look at eighteenth century Vienna (though most of it was shot in
Prague), the play is a much stronger piece, and is an excuse for one of
Shaffer’s favorite themes: man and god (see, or at least read Shaffer’s earlier
plays The Royal Hunt of the Sun and
especially Equus if you don’t believe
me – and DON’T for god’s sake see the film version of Equus, which insults the play even while boasting an amazing cast).
Curry and McKellen in Amadeus |
Okay,
Dottore Gianni is now ready to move on…or is he? Yes, yes he must! To the
pieces played in the concert! Of the overtures that from Die Entführung aus dem Serail or The Abduction from the Seraglio (1792) –
which by the way was written in German, not Italian. While we think of it as an
opera today, it was known at the time as a singspiele
(literally sing-play), a music drama in the German language. The primary
differences between singspiele and opera in the eighteenth century were that as
noted it was written in German AND very importantly that the action is
forwarded not by recitative (sung dialogue) but by spoken dialogue. The singspiele was a pet project of the
emperor, Joseph II, the character in Amadeus
who famously remarked of one of Mozart’s works: “Too many notes.” And in fact
it was of the Abduction that Emperor Joseph complained of this to the composer.
The entire exchange is said to have gone like this:
Joseph
II: “That is too fine for my ears – there are too many notes.”
Mozart:
“There are just as many notes as there should be.”
Mozart
wrote a few other singspiele as well,
most famously Die Zauberflöte,
or The Magic Flute.
Of
course Mozart was correct, and the GSO produced rousing interpretation of the
overture, which Mozart claimed was sure to keep the audience awake throughout.
The piccolo is featured, along with much active use of cymbals, timpani and
triangle in order to create a “Turkish” feel – a seraglio is where the wives
and concubines of a Turkish sultan or housed, and where the opera is set. In
this Mozart was following the fashion of turquerie,
which sought to emulate the “orient” in the visual as well as performing arts
in the eighteenth century. Certainly Mozart’s overture allowed none to sleep
last Sunday afternoon!
The
overture was followed by one of Dottore Gianni’s favorite Mozart symphonies,
No. 38 – and not just because it is known as the Prague
Symphony. Mozart wrote
it in Prague, where his wonderful opera The
Marriage of Figaro had recently been all the rage. “In a letter to his
father, dated January 15, he could report that "the one subject of
conversation here is--Figaro; nothing is played, sung or whistled but--Figaro;
nobody goes to any opera but--Figaro; everlastingly Figaro!"
The castle complex, Prague in December 2012 |
http://www.kennedy_center.org/calendar/?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=2108
Unusually
it is written in three, not four movements, marked as follows:
I. Adagio,
Allegro
II. Andante
III.
Presto
Similarly
to Figaro, the symphony is frequently
exuberant, but filled with complicated passages and a wide variety of themes as
well, indicating a dark side to the general euphoria. Indeed as you can see
above, it begins slowly before it leaps into a bright allegro. The critic I
quoted above called the opening “at once majestic and suspenseful, in the best
theatrical sense.” In the Presto Mozart’s principal theme is a quotation from Figaro, “Susanna's ‘Aprite, presto
aprite,’ as she draws Cherubino from his hiding place to make his escape
through the window.” The above-noted critic points out that it must have
“driven the Figaro-intoxicated Prague audience wild.” It nearly drove Dottore
Gianni into that state as well.
Thus
to much applause ended the first part of the concert. After intermission,
Maestro Tchivzhel led the orchestra in another Mozart overture, to what some
call Mozart’s greatest opera, Don
Giovanni. Sidebar: Dottore Gianni does not agree. Certainly a wonderful
opera, the perfect opera for the good doctor, whether Mozart. Puccini or
Wagner, is The Marriage of Figaro.
Period. Over and out.
Of
course it is a fine overture, beginning, not unlike the Prague Symphony,
darkly, ominously even, with the motif of the stone guest, the Commendatore,
invited to Don Giovanni’s last supper, at least on this earth…who knows if
dinner is served in hell? Also as in the Prague, it lightens. Paul Hyde, in the
GSO program notes, writes: “The vigorous music seems to represent the vitality,
restlessness and forceful personality of the Don himself.
Hyde
also notes that Mozart is said to have written this excellent overture in ONE
night, the night before the final dress rehearsal of its premiere, also in
Prague. This doesn’t surprise Dottore Gianni, as he was listening only days ago
to the excellent program Performance Today on Public Radio when the host
introduced Mozart’s Symphony No. 36, The Linz, by saying that Mozart was
invited to stay in a wealthy patron’s home, and of course was asked to play
some of his music. But he had brought none along! So he sat down and wrote the
symphony in a matter of four days, scoring the entire piece as well. Think
about that the next time you listen to that beautiful symphony. And DO listen
to it, Dottore Gianni urges you to. Why? It’s another of his very favorites,
that’s why!
Dottore
Gianni seldom resists bragging. If you got it, flaunt it, right?
Well, on
Christmas Day 2012 I happened to be in Prague (one of my favorite cities as
well as one of Mozart’s – certainly they were friendlier to him there than in
Vienna) and attended a performance of Don Giovanni at the very theatre where it
premiered in 1787, the elegant Estates Theatre. It gave me great pleasure to do
so, as I am not just a great fan of Mozart but also a nerdy historian and loved
that aspect of the performance. But it’s still not as good as The Marriage of Figaro.
The Estates Theatre, Prague |
So!
The overture to Don Giovanni ended the Mozart portion of the concert, and with
little ado the Maestro plunged into Symphony No. 9 by Shostakovich, written shortly after World War II.
Dmitri Shostakovich |
Denounced
by Stalin and the Supreme Soviet several times, in 1948 he and other composers
were called “formalists” (a term used the government to damn abstract art of
any kind) and ordered to make public apologies. Most of Shostakovich’s work was
banned and theatre director Lyubimov claims that the composer "waited for his arrest at night out on
the landing by the lift, so that at least his family wouldn't be disturbed.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich
I
saw a play last year in London about the great author Mikhail Bulgakov (The Master and Margarita is his finest
and one of Dottore Gianni’s favorite novels) and Stalin. The production, which
featured the brilliant Simon Russell Beale as Stalin and the excellent Alex
Jennings as Bulgakov.
Called Collaborators,
by John Hodge (whose considerable credits include the film script for Trainspotting), the play begins when we
find that the KGB has ordered Bulgakov to write a play about Stalin as a
surprise for his birthday! Bulgakov is petrified naturally. The plot thickens
when a deal is forced on the writer by the dictator, who pops in for a surprise
visit: “Don’t worry, you don’t have to write the play, I know it’s difficult
for you. I’LL write it!” If that isn’t bad enough. Stalin goes further. “But writing it
will keep me busy, so while I’m writing, YOU will do my job.” He then hands
Bulgakov a huge sheaf of paperwork: “Don’t worry, you just have to sign my
name.” Of course what the writer must sign is death warrants and other
nightmarish punishments for all sorts of people.
Beale and Jennings in Collaborators |
The
idea is great, though the play wasn’t worthy of the topic, or the production.
Dottore Gianni grumbles at brilliant performances and production values holding
up a weak piece of writing, and this was an example. Mind you Dottore Gianni
was one of the only ones who thought this, as the play got great reviews and
was moved from the Cottesloe, the smallest space in the great gray complex of
the Royal National Theatre to the largest, the cavernous Olivier. But the good
doctor was right nonetheless.
It
is true that Stalin really loved his artists, calling them in the middle of the
night just to chat for example, until they wrote or composed something he did
not like. And then…well, let’s just say that “Send to Siberia” would be the
easy way out. Terrifying!
Jump
back in time to another play, Master
Class, written by David Pownall and performed in the late 1980s with the
following stars:
Len Cariou as Stalin, Philip Bosco as Zhdanov, his commissar
for culture, Werner Klemperer as the composer Prokofiev and Austin Pendleton as
Shostakovich. In case you’re confused, this is not the play of the same name
about Maria Callas giving three master classes, which I also saw and loved –
that was by Terrence McNally. In the Pownall play the premise is this: Josef
Stalin orders the two composers to come to him (and his minister of culture) so
that he can give them a music lesson. Arguably the two greatest modernist
Russian composers after Stravinsky, they dared to write complicated, dissonant
music. Stalin wants to “help” them to see the error of their ways by teaching
them what good music is: simple Russian folk music.
from left: Cariou, Pendleton, Klemperer & Bosco in Master Class |
The
play is almost impossible to produce as all four actors must play the piano –
Stalin least well and Shostakovich (who gave up a career as a solo pianist to
compose) very well indeed. But it was a dazzler, probably not as well written
as it was performed, but memorable. Very, very funny at times but overall
terrifying…that word again.
Dottore
Gianni has become aware that even by his standards this post is LONG! So no
more on Shostakovich, even though some of you may be dying for it. Just a word
or two about the piece we heard, and then, finita
la commedia!
After
Beethoven’s magnificent Symphony No. 9, composers often set that as a bar for
No. 9s of their own (Number 9, Number 9, Number 9…). Not Shostakovich! For
Stalin and others in the Soviet Union, after the great victory over Germany in
World War II magnificence was called for. Instead the composer handed them a
short clever work that he called “a merry little piece,” which makes use of or
takes off on the work of Franz Josef Haydn. There are five movements, but no
break between the last three. They are marked:
I. Allegro
II. Moderato
III.
Presto
IV.
Largo
V. Allegretto,
Allegro
Featured
instruments include the trombone, which introduces an oompah rhythm shortly
into the first movement, a piccolo, a clarinet, which begins the second
movement and is joined by other winds, and a bassoon. The final three movements
thrust together swiften the pace to the end of the piece. In spite of the fact that it infuriated Stalin & Co, it is delightful and
it was brilliantly played by the GSO.
In
fact Dottore Gianni must confess that, Mozart lover that he certainly is, he enjoyed even a wee bit more the crazy Ninth of Rachmaninoff on Sunday afternoon. You
see, he began with a confession, and has just ended with one!