In the wake of our travels I read a book by Lewis Spence called Hero Tales and Legends of the Rhine, written, a tad floridly, in 1915. It combines history with tall tales, the latter only occasionally of much interest. But I began to think, "Well, why not include some of my photos (and maybe a story or two of my own as well) along with short descriptions of Spence's tales."
Dottore Gianni agreed, but wondered if there shouldn't be more to it than that? It happens that I also read Mark Twain's A Tramp Abroad last month, as well as some of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's travel journals, and other thoughts on places I'd been along the Rhine from Victor Hugo.
THEN I thought (or did Dottore Gianni suggest it to me?) "If I place a few of those tales and quotations into the post, and perhaps throw in a few paintings by JMW Turner, along with other bits of this and that, I might create a a sort of miscellany re the Rhine, which may or may not interest my readers." We shall see, shan't we?
Let us begin with a few lines from Lewis Spence's book:
"Nowhere is legend so thickly strewn as on the banks of the Rhine. Each step is eloquent of tradition, each town, village and valley. No hill, no castle but has its story, true or legendary...As one speeds down the broad breast of this wondrous river, gay with summer and flushed with the laughter of early vineyards, so close is the network of legend that the swiftly read or spoken tale of one locality is scarce over ere the traveller is confronted by another. It is a surfeit of romance, and inexhaustible hoard of the matter of marvel."
He's right of course, but "inexhaustible?" I promise not to exhaust you with my own "hoard of the matter and the marvel." Hmmmm...I really have no business making that offer because as faithful readers know (and as Dottore Gianni complains) whether I want to or not I DO tend do go on...and on...and on.
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| Bacharach, the lovely town of Medieval towers (one of which is shown here), old city walls (visible at right about a third of the way up the photo) and vineyards! |
The Rhine begins in Switzerland, passes through one of the cities I visited in that country, Basel, and as it flows down it becomes the much fought over border between France and Germany. A prime example of cities on this part of the river bounced back and forth between those two countries is Strasbourg, one of my favorite places in the recent journey; another is Mainz, in which I spent one lovely day, and of course Bacharach, my wonderful base of operations for the first few days of my trip. While in Bacharach I also visited Rudesheim, Bingen and St Goar, traveling by train and boat by several of the castles Spence mentions above. Lower down the Rhine is Köln (aka Cologne - the two names, one German, the other French, indicate the continous strife I noted above), where I spent a few days back in 1999. Farther down, that is farther north, the river widens in the the Low Countries and flows out into the North Sea, via canals in part, from Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The latter city I visited in May of 2012. So you see I am connected to several parts of the mighty river by journeys past and present.
The very first of my journeys I did not mention above, as it was so very long before any of them. If you read this regularly you may remember that I was a Russian Linguist in the USAF from 1966-70. Nearly two years of that time were spent in Germany, in the small town of Hof in Northern Bavaria, or as the locals prefer to call it, Franconia. I mention it because my first attempt to get to the Rhine was made during that time, on a road trip to the Nürbergring to see a car race. Three other airmen and I were thwarted, however, as one of them got so sick on our overnight stop that we had to turn around and get him to the base infirmary ASAP. We DID see a bit the Rhine, if not the most romantic part of it, on the dreary first day of our drive. So close, and yet so far!
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| One glance at the Rhine in 1968 |
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| Burg Ehrenfels, dating from the 13th century, seen a bit blurred from the train window on my journey from Bingen to Bacharach,. |
Like most other places in the region Bacharach is home to a castle, Burg Stahleck (now a youth hostel, with better views over the Rhine than any hotel or B&B in the town) and a ruined chapel (the Wernerkapelle) on the hillsides above it. Bacharach also retains some of its medieval walls as well as several medieval towers. Even though the weather was very, very dreary, I fell in love with the place and am already, a mere two months later, eager to return.
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| Wernerkapelle (left) and in the upper right, Burg Stahleck, with just the least bit of the Rhine on the far left |
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| The quintessential view of the town and the river |
I am not the only one who celebrates the place. Victor Hugo, arguably one of France's greatest writers, wrote of the Wernerkapelle, as he saw it: "No doors, no roof or windows, a magnificent skeleton puts its silhouette against the sky. Above it, the ivy-covered castle ruins provide a fitting crown. This is Bacharach, land of fairy tales, covered with legends and sagas."
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| Looking up at the ruined Wernerkapelle in Bacharach |
Joseph Mallord William Turner, the great early nineteeth century British painter whose work anticipates by decades the Impressionist movement in art, sketched the general area many times, and used Bacharach as his subject on more than one occasion, most notably during a journey there in the 1840s:
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| This painting dated between 1841 and 1845 offers a view of three medieval towers, Peterskirche (the white steeple left of center), the Wernerkapelle, just to the right of the chapel, and at the top right the castle. |
In addition to that view of the town, Turner painted Burg Sooneck, a castle (burg) 6 kilometers east of Bacharach. Now interesting mainly because of its Biedemeier furniture and paintings according the the Rough Guide: Germany, earlier on it was the source of myth along the Rhine.
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| Burg Sooneck in the upper left, with peasants working in the foreground and in the distant background Bacharach can just be made out. |
Another legend, about a beautiful young woman from Bacharach, was celebrated by two important German poets...but, hmmmm...I think I'll leave you in suspense about that story for a bit. DO read on...
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| The oldest ship of the KD line - I traveled on one similar but more modern and not quite as charming |
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| As you see from the wet deck, it was not the most pleasant day to travel - the view is of Bacharach |
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| Coming up on Kaub you can see on the left the Pfalz, and slightly above it, left of center, Gutenfels |
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| A closer look at Gutenfels - set prettily amid the grapevines |
Gutenfels was built in the early thirteenth century, the Pfalz a century later. Together the two worked as toll stations for anyone who wanted to pass them, by land or river. The Pfalz in particular was perfectly placed for the job. A chain was sunk across the river there, and could be pulled up whenever a boat was spotted in either direction, trapping the boat, thus forcing its captain to pay the toll. Interestingly it is the only castle along this scenic stretch of the Rhine that was never captured - therefore never ruined. Today one reaches it by ferry from Kaub. It is now a museum focusing on the fourteenth century - the Burg remains as it was then - no electricity, no toilet - so time your visit with care!
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| The Pfalz |
Brief yicchy sidebar: No toilet?!? So how in the fourteenth century and on down in time did one...relieve oneself? Answer the call of nature? Have a look at the two small black outcroppings on the castle. A hole placed in the bottom of each did the job! Take a seat, do your "business" and all would be washed away by the river! Disclaimer: I know that I read this in my research, but cannot find where exactly. So you must trust me, dear readers!
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| See the two black protuberances on the wall of the Pfalz? Relief! |
A legend concerning the Pfalz deals with Guba, wife of a medieval prince, ruler of the area, who suspected her of infidelity and who locked her in the castle. The couple had no children, and the prince's brother was delighted, for as long as Guba remained in prison there could be no heir, so HE would inherit the throne. The brother was an evil man, unpopular among the local peasants, and unsure of his position. So he visited the Pfalz frequently to check that Guba was still trapped therein. Meanwhile, Guba's guard had become attached to her and allowed her freedom on certain days as long as she returned to the castle by nightfall. The evil brother happened to visit one day when Guba was out and about, and said something to the effect of, "Aha! She is with her lover!" Both men searched and discovered Guba nearby - with a young man! The fellow tried to escape but was caught. After a quick trial he was condemned and hanged. But as the noose was placed round his neck he exclaimed that Guba never loved him, and that while he was guilty of wanting her, she was innocent. Still he was hanged, and still she was guarded. By now six months had passed since her separation from her husband and imprisonment in the castle - and Guba announced to her guard that she was pregnant. She asked him to keep her secret, as she was confident that when the child was born it would resemble her husband and she would be freed. Alas, the son bore little resemblance to the prince, so Guba's guard and his wife quietly had the baby sent to a castle nearby, so close it could be seen from the Pfalz. The guard had a white flag hung on that castle to signal that the boy was alive and well. Guba looked for that flag every day, and many years passed in this manner, during which her husband died and his brother became the prince. But, remember he was evil and hated by the people. It was soon rumored that a young man claimed to be the son and rightful heir. A war ensued in which the evil brother was defeated and executed. Guba's son immediately came to the Pfalz to free his mother, but she was dying and pleaded with him NOT to take her to court, but to allow her to remain in the Pfalz in her final days. She could desire no more, as she now knew that her son was not merely alive but the new prince. Her wishes were granted and her brief time remaining was spent peacefully at the island castle - and that is how the tale ends.
Sidebar geographical: While Spence does not mention it in his account, the castle where the son was brought up, the one that could be seen by Guba, could only be, insists Dottore Gianni, Burg Gutenfels, just above Kaub - so in a sense the preceding was a tale of TWO castles!
Therefore Kaub shall, in this post, become a town of two legends! There is one told of Burg Gutenfels about the sister of the lord of the castle back in the thirteenth century lord of the castle. She was named Guta and was said to be the most beautiful woman in Germany. She was as proud as she was beautiful and rejected suitor after suitor after suitor. Her brother took her to Koln to watch a tournament of jousting. When she took her seat at the tourney the young woman attracted the attention of almost every man there, those watching the jousts and those doing battle in the lists. Suddenly there was a commotion, not about Guta. An unknown knight entered the lists whose name was not announced by the herald. It was whispered about that only the Archbishop knew who he was. Spence describes him thus: "Of fine stature and handsome features, clad in splendid armor and mounted on a richly caparisoned steed, he attracted not a little attention..." (Dottore Gianni LOVES the phrase "richly caparisoned steed.") This mysterious knight commanded as much interest from the women at the event as Guta had with the men. But the knight had eyes only for Guta. And for once in her life she blushed! The knight overpowered all other contenders, easily won the tournament, and then rode over in her direction, bowing his lance to her. She blushed again, and dropped her glove, which he picked up. It seems the stranger had won a heart as well as the tourney! At the ball afterward Guta's brother asked the knight to visit them at Gutenfels, and so he did, much to Guta's delight. On his visit he told Guta that he must not tell her his name, but he would return in three months to claim her as her bride. She responded that she would be faithful; even if "a king should woo me, I will be true to thee." Three months passed and he did not return. Guta feared that he might have forgotten her, or worse, been killed. Finally, six months later, a grand cavalcade appeared at Burg Gutenfels, and a herald demanded that Kaub must open its gates for Richard, Emperor of Germany. Richard entered, immediately asked Guta's brother for her hand and the brother ran up to tell his sister that the Emperor wanted to marry her. She refused of course, as she was waiting for her mystery knight and remembered her pledge - "not even a king..." Her brother brought the bad news to the Emperor who lifted his visor and asked if the brother knew him. The brother gasped. It was Guta's mysterious knight! Richard gave the brother the glove Guta had given him, and asked him to give it to her, and to tell her it was from a poor knight in the Emperor's company. She came running and was startled to see her knight...the Emperor! Within a week they were married, she became Empress, and apparently they lived happily ever after.
It's true - every word! Or is it? If you believed the story you may also believe that Richard named the castle where Guta had grown up Gutenfels which means the rock of Guta. The End!
Back to my cruise, which stopped briefly at Kaub, then continued up the river making a few other stops on its way to St Goar, one of them at Oberwesel. This town boasts Schönburg, a castle dating from the twelfth century, and a beautiful Catholic church, the Church of our Lady.
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| Burg Schonberg stands imposingly over Oberwesel. On the right is the lovely Pfarre Kirche Liebfrauen (the Church of Our Lady). |
After Oberwesel my cruise passed, with much ado, a rock famous for another young female chanteuse, the above mentioned young woman of Bacharach...of whom you'll learn later. And the boat finally docked at St Goar where I left it.
Legends abound of St Goar, one of which concerns the man for whom the town is named. The castle overlooking St Goar is Burg Rheinfels, said to be one of the most atmospheric of all the castles on the Rhine. At its foot once stood a little cell, long ago the home of the pious hermit who became St Goar. The historical St Goar arrived in area in the sixth century from Aquitaine, intent to convert the local population, who admired him at first not so much for the Christian stories he told them, but for his tending of the sick and downtrodden among them. He also offered aid to distressed mariners who had been caught by a dangerous eddy in the river called the Sand Gewirr, all too often the death of men sailing down the Rhine. In fact it may well be from this eddy that St Goar got his/its name (at least so Spence implies in his book). The holy man's reputation grew and he was soon invited to the palace, but shortly after his arrival he became sickened by the petty intrigues and machinations of the court, and told the ruler that he wanted to return to his little village. When he was preparing to leave he threw on his cloak, which happened to pass over a sunbeam. When it did it was suspended on the beam, "as though the shaft of light was solid." Everyone marveled, except St Goar, who knew that the small miracle had been prompted by divine inspiration. He left the castle and returned to his hut and the simple life. When the saint died other hermits gathered there, forming a monastery.
The legend that I tell concerns the long-dead St Goar, and a name I'm sure you all know - the Emperor Charlemagne, one
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| Statue of St Goar in, where else? St Goar! |
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| Attempting to put on a smiling face a sodden Dottore Gianni points to Burg Katz above St Goarhausen, on the opposite bank of the Rhine from St Goar |
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| Burg Rheinfels, above St Goar - on the left is a posh hotel built on part of it, on the right the famous ruins |
Bingen has a castle, but is better known for a powerful female voice from the Middle Ages, Hildegard, called Hildegard von Bingen, Saint Hildegard, aka (per Wikipedia) "the Sybil of the Rhine, a writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, Benedictine Abbess, visionary and polymath." There is a museum in the city dedicated to its history, but that
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| Hildegard experiencing a vision and describing it to her scribe. |
Now, having built my readers up, I must confess that I got lost and could not find the museum! Had I more time there...ah well, the fact is, I did not.
But! I DO have a legend of Bingen for you, having to do with a place called the Mäuseturm (the mouse tower), situated on a small island near the town. It was a storage place for grain, and so very important in the days of yore. A tale is told of an evil, corrupt Bishop who in a time when too much rain had ruined a full year's crop, hoarded all of last year's grain for himself. The starving people begged and begged for some of his grain. The Bishop grew tired of their constant complaints, and he found a way to quiet them. He invited them to his barn, where he would share with them his grain. Instead, when the place was full of peasants, the evil Bishop locked the doors. There was no grain for them there; instead the Bishop set the barn afire, and all perished. From the verse of the British Romantic poet Robert Southey:
"And while for mercy on Christ they call,
He set fire to the barn and burnt them all."
The Bishop was so pleased with his "bonfire" that he said (again, from Southey's poem):
"And the country is greatly obliged to me
For ridding it in these times forlorn
Of rats that only consume the corn."
But the next day he panicked when he looked at his portrait:
"A sweat like death all over him came
For the rats had eaten it out of the frame."
At the same time a man from his farm appeared, telling him that rats (real rats, like those who ate his portrait, not the peasants he had been pleased to call rats) had eaten all of his corn. Another man ran up and told him to run:
"For ten thousand rats are coming this way -
The Lord forgive you for yesterday!"
The bishop was afraid, but remained confident. He retreated to his tower, the Mäuseturm, whose walls were high, built on steep shores of the Rhine. No rats could reach him there! When he arrived he went to sleep, only to be awakened by a bone-chilling scream from his cat. The rats had swum the river and were climbing the tower:
"By thousands they come, and by myriads and more,
Such numbers had never been heard of before."
The bishop clasped his rosary beads and prayed for dear life but with no luck, for, to quote the last lines of Southey's poem:
"They have whetted their teeth against the stones
And now they pick the Bishop's bones.
They gnawed the flesh from every limb,
For they were sent to do judgment on him."
Not Southey's best poetic effort, I fear, but you get the point. And I hope you're not eating while you read this!
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| The Mauseturm - Wikimedia I fear, not my own photo |
Thwarted in Bingen I caught the car ferry across the Rhine to Rüdesheim. I knew of the place from my USAF days, when we drank a popular wine called Rüdesheimer Rosengarten (along with barrels and barrels of beer!). I had booked a hotel there before deciding to stay in the more authentic Bacharach. Rüdesheim is now, sad to say, a fairly tacky tourist trap, built to look medieval, and while there are several surviving landmarks from that era, much it is a sort of Epcot-ization of old Germany - nothing against Epcot, but why go all the way to Europe for that?
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| Drosselgasse, the main shopping street (filled with tacky souvenir stores, in Rüdesheim |
On the hills around Rüdesheim, however, there are wonderful vineyards, near which, by the way, stands the Abbey of St Hildegard. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the great eighteenth century writer, wrote of them in September of 1814. "The steep pathway ...led through the most splendid vineyards, clothing the hills that crowd upon one another here, in the freshest of green, and moreover in such regular stripes that they look as if covered by a curiously-wrought carpet."
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| This is what Goethe had in mind when he wrote about his walk through the vineyards. He would not have seen the monument atop the hill, the Niederwald Monument, as it was not built until the late 19th century. |
It was on (or above) these hills that I had an adventure of my own, after lunch that day. There are legends of Rüdesheim in Spence's book, but to hell with them! I'm telling mine instead: The Legend of Dottore Gianni and the Seilbahn.
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| See the little white rectangles moving up from left to right? Those are the gondolas of the Seilbahn, heading up to the Niederwald Monument. on the right above the city is the Abbey of St Hildegard |
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| The monument from my gondola on the Seilbahn |
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| The vineyards from my gondola |
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| Rüdesheim, and on the other side of the river Bingen, from the Seilbahn |
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| Protecting myself as best I could in my gondola on the way back down |
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| My gelato, all three choices tasty, but the hazelnut, on the left extraordinary - in that tiny ball of ice I counted at least six whole hazelnuts - quite a treat, even on a chilly, dank day. |
Having offered my readers a few examples of Rhine legends and lore, and one of my own, I must say that having read a book-full of them, not many legends were all that impressive, in fact you might think and I might agree that not all the ones I've just related are terribly exciting (even my own!).
But there are two legends associated with this stretch of the Rhine that stand heads and shoulders above the rest. The first and older of the two is The Nibelungenlied (The Song of the Nibelungs), the ancient epic of Germany, comparable to (though not, in Dottore Giannii's opinion, as brilliant as) the Iliad and the Odyssey. I don't intend to go into it here, as this post is already becoming long, and telling the ancient tale would make it "epic" in length, but the city of Worms, just up the river from this romantic stretch of the Rhine, is referred to frequently in the lied as the center of the Burgundians (who became known as Nibelungs - in fact in Worms there is a museum dedicated to the saga) and Richard Wagner set portions of the first and last operas in his Ring Cycle (Das Rheingold and Die Göttadämerung) in this region of the Rhine. Wagner mixed freely the lied and some of the Icelandic and Scandinavian tales that are all bound up in this northern mythology. Any and all of them make for good reading, if you're up for it - and you should be, Dottore Gianni whispers in my ear as I write.
The second famous legend takes us back to St Goar. It is this legend I've been teasing you about (that of the young woman from Bacharach), and it is supremely important to the exact section of the river on which I cruised: The Lorelei, or the Lorelay as the Germans spell it. The earliest version of this tale involves an undine (or ondine, in either spelling a water nymph) who sits atop the rock of that name and combs her long tresses while singing haunting melodies. The rock is situated just upstream of St Goar, in the deepest and one of the most treacherous parts of the River and under the best of conditions sailors have to be very careful as they steer through it. Lewis Spence claims that the nymph sings in order to catch the attention of the sailors who, entranced by her, crash into the reefs and drown. Whether she does it on purpose or simply does not care - "what fools these mortals be" - matters not, I suppose.
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| The rugged Loreley rock |
An early version of the story concerns a tough old soldier who, in order to avenge the death of a prince who has been caught in the whirlpool, leads a party of men to the rock to seek out the Lorelei and destroy her. And in their search they do indeed come upon her as she sits at the edge of the precipice. The soldier speaks, telling her that he and his men will cast her into the Rhine, but as he and his men gaze upon her a spell falls upon them. The men bewitched, Lorelei cries out, "It is not I who go to the Rhine - the Rhine will come to me!" She calls out to her father, Father Rhine, the god of the river, a wild storm breaks out, three huge white waves foam up to the top of the rock and Lorelei steps into them as one would onto a chariot and is whirled out into the stream, disappearing beneath the waves. The men feared for their lives as the storm threatens to engulf them, but as the undine slips into the river the spell on them is broken, the waters subside and the men are saved. Never again, however, would they attempt to capture the Lorelei.
And nor would Dottore Gianni!
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| JMW Turner helps us visually again, this time with a painting of the town of St Goarhausen, opposite St Goar, and the castle above the former, Burg Katz. The Loreley lies just beyond the painting's frame, on the right |
Much later the 19th century the German poet Clemens Brentano wrote a poem representing a later and quite different version of the story. HIS tale tells of a beautiful young maiden who lived in Bacharach in the medieval era. Every man who saw her fell in love with her and many came to ask for her hand in marriage, but every one of them was sent away. The disappointed lovers wandered broken-hearted through the forests, some taking their lives by plunging into the Rhine. Unlike the nymph of earlier legend, this young woman was not callous and unfeeling. She had secretly pledged herself to a young knight who loved her, but had ridden away to fight, perhaps in the crusades. Years went by and he did not return, but still Lorelei remained faithful. But the suitors kept coming and after a time it was rumored that the maid from Bacharach was an evil sorceress. Penalty for witchcraft in those days was death by fire and she was summoned to court by the Archbishop of Köln. When she appeared in court she stunned the judges with her beauty (even the old archbishop tsk,tsk). She told of her long lost lover, and asked that she might die, as she was responsible for broken hearts and deaths, but the archbishop told her that instead she would be taken to a convent where she could live in peace. Three knights conducted her to the convent, and on their way they passed the Lorelei rock. There the young woman asked that she be allowed to climb the rock, so that she could have one last look at her knight's castle from the height. She quickly climbed the rock, saw the castle, and at the same time spied a ship sailing down the River - in the bow her knight! She cried out at the very edge of the rock, the knight and the mariners looked up, lost control of the boat and it crashed onto the rocks. Lorelei then leapt into the Rhine. As Spence puts it in his telling of the tale, "nothing more was seen of the lovers; together they sleep the sleep of death beneath the waters of the Rhine."
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| Here Turner depicts a boat headed upstream, the Lorelei Rock hight on its left, the treacherous waters below. |
Interestingly Spence does not relate a slightly later and even more popular version of the legend. One of the best known German Romantic poets was Heinrich Heine and in 1822 he fashioned his own version, a poem of just 24 lines that begins describing the beauty of the setting:
The air is cool in the gloaming
And gently flows the Rhine.
The crest of the mountain is gleaming
In fading rays of sunshine.
and of the Lorelei:
The loveliest maiden is sitting
Up there, so wondrously fair.
Her golden jewelry is glistening
She combs with a gilded comb, preening,
And sings a song, passing time...
Then he describes a mariner on the river who becomes enraptured - the poet fears that he will be devoured by the waves...and the poem ends:
And that with her dulcet-voiced power
Was done by the Lorelei.
Heine's poem was converted into a song, still popular today. I first encountered it as a youth. You know my youth was a long time ago when I tell you that I heard it on a vinyl disc, on an old-fashioned stereo record player (old-fashioned now, ALL the fashion then!) that my parents owned. The album is called "The Men of the Robert Shaw Chorale Sing Songs of Love," which features tunes from around the world about l'amour. It's a terrific album and I wish I owned it now, but I've been unable to find it on CD. Shaw was a world-renowned music director and several of his albums have been converted to that format, but alas not this one. I still remember some of the lines in German:
"Die Luft ist kühl und es dunkelt,
Und ruhig fliest der Rhein;
Das Gipfel des Bergen gefunkelt
Im Abendsohnenschein."
That is the original version of the first four lines of the poem I quoted in English above.
For some reason, Asian visitors more than any others have taken this legend to heart. In fact as the boat approaches the Lorelei an announcement is made preparing the viewers in four languages: German, English, and two Asian languages. It's beyond my skill to recognize either of those two, but I'm guessing Mandarin and Japanese. And THEN, just as it is passing the rock, the song of the Lorelei is played - pretty hokey, but the tourists loved it. Some applauded, others sang along (poorly) with the song! I must confess that I caught Dottore Gianni humming a bit of it himself.
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| A wine shop in St Goar, clearly displaying its connection with the Loreley! |
Brief silly coda to the Lorelei legend: Lorelei has come to mean a seductress, and if ever there was one it was Lorelei Lee, portrayed by Marilyn Monroe in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1952)! She too sings and entrances every man who meets her! Have a look:
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I'm entranced, I admit it - and so is Dottore Gianni!
Before I end, let's go back to Bacharach briefly. My favorite monument in the lovely park along the Rhine is this one, of three writers who put it on the map, so to speak:
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| I'm not sure you can see their names, so from the left (Victor Hugo, Clemens Brentano, and last but not least, Heinrich Heine |
I could offer you many more tales of the Rhine, as they seem endless, but I think you've got a taste of them now, as well as of the few days I spent in beautiful Bacharach on the River Rhine.
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